The Introduction of the Social Security System Free Essay Example, 2500 words

This would, in turn, lower the level of unemployment rate in America. The Act was biased in the sense that, it defined employment to reflect typical white male patterns and categories. Various job categories that were not included in the Act and they included domestic service, agricultural labor, government employees, hospital employees and social workers among others. It was established that these job categories were mostly dominated by women and minority groups; thus, establishing that the Act was biased. For example, in 1940, women made up 90% of domestic laborers where two-thirds of all employed black women worked as domestic workers. This indicated that the emption created by the Act excluded nearly half of the working population in the United States. This resulted in a protest by the NAACP against the Social Security Act where they described it as a sieve with holes just big enough for the majority of Negroes to fall through. This form of discrimination was said to have resu lted from the powerful position that the Southern Democrat held on the two committees that played a major role in the creation and implementation of the Social Security Act. We will write a custom essay sample on The Introduction of the Social Security System or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page

The Scarlet Letter By John Hawthorne - 1478 Words

The Scarlet Letter is a novel about Hester s punishment for committing adultery and how she and the people around her view and act as a result of that sin. The reader can view these punishments from the reaction at two distinctly different mind sets. One of these is the mindset of the Puritans. The Puritans are extremely religious and one can see that in their harsh decision making and social life with sinners. The other mindset is one of the Narrator. Unlike the puritans, the narrator views people and objects with more of a personal connection, how an object affects another object as opposed to how a object affects God. There are several symbols that show and develop this throughout the novel. One of these symbols is the symbol of the Scarlet Letter. The puritans view this as a sign of sin, as something that connects one with the devil. This opposes the narrator s view point of the scarlet A being part of Hester s identity, without it she is a different person. Pearl, Hester s daugh ter, is another symbol that divides the narrator and the puritans. The puritans view Pearl as evil, a devils child. This view differs from the Narrator s which comes from the vantage point of Pearl being an extension of Hester and how Hester would not have the will to live without Pearl. The third symbol is the forest. To the puritans the forest represents an area of evil, a location where the devil dwells. However, the Narrator looks at this ass a place of protection, a place where HesterShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of John Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter 855 Words   |  4 PagesHawthorne’s critique on sin, more specifically addressing sin, is clear. Throughout The Scarlet Letter, Hawthorne claims that sin should public, and subject to punishment from the public not the individual; Hawthorne clearly evidences this with his depiction of Hester’s rise under the letter, Dimmesdale’s self-inflicted decline, and Chillingworth’s revenge-based transformation. Hester’s sin, in the Scarlet Letter is great. At the beginning of the novel, she commits adultery and is publicly shunnedRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter, By Nathaniel Hawthorne And John Proctor From The Crucible By Arthur Miller1585 Words   |  7 Pagessociety. Nathaniel Hawthorne and Arthur Miller both wrote about these conflicts. Hester Prynne from The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne and John Proctor from The Crucible by Arthur Miller shared the same attributes and feelings towards things that affected their reputations. Both characters from the novels lived in the Puritan colonies of Massachusetts during a time in our history that adultery was considered a mortal sin and witchcraft was punishable by death. Hester and John both had opportunitiesRead MoreThe Theme Of Guilt In The Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1668 Words   |  7 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne is the author of The Scarlet Letter. Hawthorne is a anti-transcendentalist which means he writes a lot about Pu ritans in the 1600’s. John Hathorne ( Nathaniel H. great uncle ) is also an anti-transcendentalist . The book that John wrote that goes with The Scarlet Letter is The Ministers Black Veil. It as well as this novel talks about Secret sin and how the world is good and people are dark and mysterious. Nathaniels book The Scarlet Letter talks about Secret Sin , RevengeRead MoreEssay On John Hathorne878 Words   |  4 Pages   Ã‚  Ã‚   Nathaniel Hawthorne was greatly influenced by his great- great grandfather, John Hathorne, to develop the novel The Scarlet Letter.   John hathorne was involved in the persecution of several people in the Salem, Massachusetts (encyclopedia). JOHN HATHORNE AND THE SALEM WITCH TRIALS   Ã‚  Ã‚   In the year 1692, the Salem Witch Trials began and John Hathorne was chosen by Governor Sir William Phips to be a judge during the trials.   Hathorne believed that Satan had the power to pressure people into harmingRead MoreSins inThe Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne Essay1517 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Be true! Be true! Be true! Show freely to the world, if not your worst, yet some trait whereby the worst may be inferred† (Hawthorne). As this sentence is read in the The Scarlet Letter, the reader will realize that the main theme of the book is the sentence above. Throughout the book, secret sin damages the lives, soul, and the integrity of the main characters. However, it could have easily been evaded through open confession of their sins. Nathaniel Hawthorne’s purpose in writing this novel isRead MoreSummary Of Hester Prynne Essay1299 Words   |  6 Pagesasks a nearby man what was happening. The man tells him that Hester is being punished for having an affair with another man while her husband was away, not knowing that he was talking to Hester’s legal husband. After being led back to jail with a scarlet letter â€Å"A† sewn to her chest, Hester and her husband meet and talk with each other. Her husband, Roger Chillingworth, is now learning about medicine and provides Hester with medical care while making her promise that she will not reveal his identityRead More Scarlet Critique Essay870 Words   |  4 Pages The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne was written in 1850. It was based on the Puritans of the 1600s, which were revived in Hawthornes era. Hawthorne descended from Puritan heritage and harbored a sense of guilt and hatred for their way of life. He used many themes and literary techniques in The Scarlet Letter including symbolism and irony. He emphasized the individuals role in the community and the role of women in society. Hawthorne used romanticism as opposed to the classical correctnessRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter vs. the Crucible Essay703 Words   |  3 PagesThe edgy tale of The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne is comparable in many ways to Arthur Miller’s haunting play The Crucible. Both are set in Puritan New England in the 17th century and revolve around the harsh law enforcement of the time. However, The Scarlet Letter tells the story of a woman as she deals with her heavy Puritan punishment, whereas The Crucible follows hysteria as it spreads throughout an entire town. Hester Prynne, the main character of The Scarlet Letter, was found guilty forRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne960 Words   |  4 Pages3H 13 August 2014 The novel, The Scarlet Letter, was written by the author Nathaniel Hawthorne and was published in 1850 (1). It is a story about the Puritan settlers of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, set around 1650 (2). The story is written in the third person with the narrator being the author. The common thread that runs through this novel is Hawthorne’s apparent understanding of the beliefs and culture of the Puritans in America at that time. But Hawthorne is writing about events in a societyRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1397 Words   |  6 Pages John Graves Professor Connie Caskey English 251: American Literature I 8 February 2016 The Scarlet Letter was written by Nathaniel Hawthorne in 1850 which is based on the time frame of the Puritans, a religious group who arrived in Massachusetts in the 1630’s. The Puritans were in a religious period that was known for the strict social norms in which lead to the intolerance of different lifestyles. Nathaniel Hawthorne uses the puritan’s strict lifestyles to relate to the universal issues among

Contractual Transaction Of Northside Developments Pty Limited

Question: Discuss about the Contractual Transaction Of Northside Developments Pty Ltd. Answer: Issue The primary issue in context of this case study is that whether the third party has the right to rely upon assumptions which can be made in relation to the internal management of the organization while getting into a contractual transaction. Rule The primary rule which is applicable in situation of making an assumption while entering into a transaction with a company has been provided via the ruling of the land mark case of The Royal British Bank v. Turquand (1856) and is famous and commonly known as the indoor management rule. The provisions of this rules signifies that the any person who gets into a dealing with a person acting on behalf of the company has the right to assume that the person has complied with all the internal regulations and requirements of the organization. However the rule cannot be applied in all circumstances and there have been many situations where the court have considered that the indoor management rule is not applicable in the provided circumstances. These cases as and the ruling and reasoning provided by the judges are as follows. One of the primary reasoning which had been provided by the court in relation to the application of the indoor management rule has been given through the case of Morris v. Kanssen (1946) AC 459. In this case taking into consideration the circumstances it had been reasoned against the applicability of the indoor management rule that the rule has been brought to existence for the purpose of addressing the issues which are faced a third party while getting into a transaction with a company but the application of the rule does not give power to a person to rely on it in an unreasonable manner. This means that in situation where a reasonable person would have the idea of making an inquiry due to the suspicion incurred by him, he has to make that inquiry and cannot merely rely upon the application of this rule. The inquiry has to be made towards the verification of the authority of the person who is purporting to act on behalf of the organization. The circumstances in which an inquiry would have been made by a reasonable person had been duly discussed in the famous case of E.B.M. Co. Ltd. v. Dominion Bank (1937) 3 All ER 555. In this case the judge ruled that an inqury has to be made by a reasonable person on the basis of the very nature of the dealing he is entering into even in circumstances where such person is in no special relationship with the company. These provisions have been also successfully discusses and applied in the case of A.L. Underwood Ltd. v. Bank of Liverpool (1924) 1 KB 775. The rule had been adjudged to be inapplicable in situation where there was an element of forgery as duly discussed in the case of Kreditbank Cassel G.m.b.H. v. Schenkers (1927) 1 KB 826. In this particular case the judge had made a ruling that the doctrine of making assumption can be applied in circumstances which have the element of irregularity which may have had an impact on the dealing otherwise in a bona fide manner and the application is strictly prohibited in situation where there is an element of forgery. Another case which such provisions were applied is the case of Ruben v Great Fingall Consolidated (1906) AC 439. However there are circumstances in which forgery cannot be utilized as a proper exception to the Indoor management rule. These have been stated through the case of Uxbridge Permanent Benefit Building Society v. Pickard (1939) 2 KB 248. Here the court had held the organization liable even where the agent had indulged into a transaction though fraud. The point which has to be however noted in relation to this case is that there was no common seal of the organization which had been used for the purpose of getting into the transaction. In situation where the very authority or power of the officer acting on behalf of the organization is subjected to the risk of being delegated under the provisions of the articles of association the indoor management rule can be applied. The reasoning had been provided by the judge in Houghton and Co. v. Nothard, Lowe and Wills (1927) 1 KB 246. It was further added to by the judge while making this ruling that the transaction entered into by the organization would be binding on a the company even in situation where the officer has acted beyond the authority provided to him until the third party had the knowledge of such authority being exceeded or no authority existing or having a reason to make further inquiry. The indoor management rule had been held to be subjected under the principles of the law of agency as ruled in the case of Crabtree-Vickers Pty. Ltd. v. Australian Direct Mail Advertising and Addressing Co. Pty. Ltd. (1975) 133 CLR 72, in addition the applicability of the rule depends upon the ostensible or actual authority of a person who purports to act on the companys behalf. The transaction in relation to this case had been held as not binding the organization if it has been prohibited by the constitution. Although the case did not make a ruling in relation to transaction involving the use of the common seal these provisions are no longer applicable as per section 124 of the Corporation Act. Where any director or officer of the organization has been found to negligent in relation to their duties they cannot uses such negligence as a shield to evade the application of the indoor management rule. This reasoning in favor of the application of the rule had been given by Bank of Ireland v. Evans' Trustees (1855) 5 HLC 389 (10 ER 950). In this case the secretary had committed fraud to enter into a dealing to by using the common seal of the company. He got access to the seal due to the negligence of the director. The court held that the dealing is binding on the company. Application The issues in relation to the case have already been identified which is the application of the indoor management rule. The above discussed rules suggest the situation in which the indoor management rule can be applied and disregarded. These rules have to be applied to the facts of the case in order to come to an reasoned conclusion. In this case the registrar general had allowed a mortgage in relation to a transaction which has not been entered into by the organization (NORTHSIDE DEVELOPMENTS PTY. LTD) in a proper manner. The transaction has been approved by a person who purported to act as the company secretary of the company but in reality he was not. In this situation there was alleged knowledge on the part of the director that there was some kind of discrepancy in relation to the authority of the company secretary. As per the indoor management rule it can be stated that the third party who is the registrar has the right to make an assumption with respect to the transaction that the person acting on behalf of the company has complied with all requirements in relation to internal management of the organization. the person is deemed to have authority in the given situation by the third party as per the --- case. However there are various exceptions to this rule, these exceptions thus have to be applied in the given facts of the case. The first exception which is going to be applicable is Morris v. Kanssen. Here the primary reason for the non applicability of the indoor management rule was that where a reasonable person would have the idea of making an inquiry due to the suspicion incurred by him, he has to make that inquiry and cannot merely rely upon the application of this rule. The inquiry has to be made towards the verification of the authority of the person who is purporting to act on behalf of the organization. in this situation the transaction has been approved by a person who purported to act as the company secretary of the company but in reality he was not. In this situation there was alleged knowledge on the part of the director that there was some kind of discrepancy in relation to the authority of the company secretary. Thus it was the duty of the registrar general to make an add itional inquiry in relation to the authority of the company secretary which was actually not done in this case. Further it can be stated that the registrar general attempted to rely on the rule in an unreasonable manner and thus the application of the rule in the given situation would not be fair. Through the application of the principles which have been stated above in the case of Kreditbank Cassel G.m.b.H. v. Schenkers it can be determined that the rule cannot further be applied. This is because the assumption which had been made by the respondent in this situation was not carried out in good faith. In addition through the application of Ruben v Great Fingall Consolidated where it had been stated that doctrine of making assumption can be applied in circumstances which have the element of irregularity which may have had an impact on the dealing otherwise in a bona fide manner and the application is strictly prohibited in situation where there is an element of forgery, it is evident that the application of the indoor management rule should not be done in this case. There was clear evidence which was present in this case which suggested that there was an attempt to appoint the son of the director in the position of the company secretary of the company. The person was thus actually not the company secretary of the company when the dealing had actually been entered upon into. Thus the court will be correct in relation to the findings that the dealing has not been properly conducted in terms of execution of the documents and thus is invalid. In addition a reasonable person who had the knowledge about such situation in the position of the respondent would have taken addition measures to verify or make inquiries in relation to the authority of the company secretary. Conclusion Thus in the given situation it can be evidently concluded through the application of the above discussed rules that the application of the indoor management rule in this case to protect the respondent should not be done. References A.L. Underwood Ltd. v. Bank of Liverpool (1924) 1 KB 775 Bank of Ireland v. Evans' Trustees (1855) 5 HLC 389 (10 ER 950) E.B.M. Co. Ltd. v. Dominion Bank (1937) 3 All ER 555, Kreditbank Cassel G.m.b.H. v. Schenkers (1927) 1 KB 826. Morris v. Kanssen (1946) AC 459 Rolled Steel Ltd. v. British Steel Corporation (1986) Ch 246 Ruben v Great Fingall Consolidated (1906) AC 439 The Royal British Bank v. Turquand (1856) 6 El. and Bl. 327 (119 ER 886).

Reconstruction Success or Failure Essay Example For Students

Reconstruction: Success or Failure? Essay February 25, 2004 U.S. History Period 4 After the Civil War the United States was at a difficult point in its history. There were many controversial issues that were yet to be resolved, and many people with a number of different opinions on how things should be settled. Due to this, the nation was forced into a period of reconstruction to help shape the country as a whole, and work to settle problems that remained unresolved. The Reconstruction Period following the Civil War was overall a success. By the end of this time, the country was reunited and moving rapidly towards industrialization. Individual freedoms and equal treatment before the law was set for all Americans. Although, like anything else, it had both positive and negative effects, however the positive aspects out shined the negative. The Civil War was fought to free slaves, and to help them redeem their independence. However, by the end of this struggle there was a distinct line between whites, and blacks. Reconstruction was called upon to aid the country in deafening that lone and uniting the nation as a whole, and not separate sections. At this time many conflicts were in need to be resolved. For example, because slaves had never known the feeling of freedom before they had no where to go or work, it was almost over whelming. Segregation and racism also came into action. During this time many of those issues were touched upon in positive ways. The thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth Amendments were all added to the Constitution for the benefit of this country. The thirteenth Amendment, which was perhaps the most important, assured freedom to all African Americans, Native Americans and many other various races of people by banning slavery. The fourteenth Amendment provided a constitutional basis for the civil rights act, making all persons born or naturalized in the United States. The fifteenth Amendment was added to the constitution, stating that no one could kept form voting due to their race, color, or previous condition of servitude. These constitutional changes had a very positive effect on the United States in the long run. They assisted a large portion of the nation and helped people get up on their feet, and start their lives over again. Although overall reconstruction was a very good thing it also had negative effects. Three things that stand out as the leaders were struggling to rebuild this nation include, the Klu Klux Klan, Black codes, and Jim Crow laws. The Klu Klux Klan basically defined racism. It was a group of people strictly against blacks, who publicly displayed their hatred towards them. Black codes were another negative outcome; they were a series of laws that tightly restricted blacks from many things such as, carrying weapons and traveling with out a permit. These laws went hand in hand with the Jim Crow laws, which also restricted blacks from various things. The Jim Crow laws were designed to separate blacks and white in public places, magnifying segregation. It considered things separate but equal when in reality it was only separate and in many ways far from equal. Although, as previously stated, there were a number of negative effects from Reconstruction, there were also many positive things that came from it. The constitution was amended freeing blacks, and although it took time before they were freed to full extent, with out reconstruction they would not have been free at all. .